RITI DI PASSAGGIO E IL GRUPPO DEI PARI Essays -

RITI DI PASSAGGIO E IL GRUPPO DEI PARI Il grande protagonista dei riti d'inizio dell'adolescenza e il gruppo dei pari. - Distinguersi dai genitori La famiglia, pur cosi importante, non e il tutto del vita, e necessario imparare ad avere relazioni diverse da quelli che s'instaurano con i genitori. Presto i figli iniziano a porsi il problema non solo di comportarsi bene con papa e mamma ma anche, di essere accettati fuori della propria famiglia, di appartenere ad una comunita piu ampia di quella di casa propria. Nella prima adolescenza questo apprendimento avviene in primo luogo nella frequentazione dei pari. Infatti i momenti come il primo bacio, i primi approcci affettivi, la travolgente e travagliata passione adolescente, sono celebrate prevalentemente nel gruppo dei pari. Negli amici dei figli i genitori devono individuare qualcosa di "sacro", per questo non devono mai criticarli. -Identificarsi nella frequentazione Sentirsi appartenere ad un gruppo e un'esperienza fondamentale per lasciare le sicurezze familiari e affrontare l'inserimento in una societa complessa, vasta e competitiva. Il gruppo costituisce un'opportuna area di passaggio, un mondo interpersonale, vicino, vivibile, pari e fraterno, che bene si presta a "sostituire" la famiglia. L'intensita della relazione familiare e riversata sul gruppo. I riti popolari d'inizio rendevano il passaggio piu semplice, abbreviavano la fatica ed il dolore, risolvevano piu facilmente il compito della ricerca dell'identita. - Divertirsi Non si e automaticamente accettati in una compagnia; occorre esibire alcune competenze personali per esserne ammessi: la simpatia, la disponibilita al divertimento, la sincerita, il rispetto della parola data, la fedelta al gruppo. Decisamente meno importanti sono gli altri moventi dell'aggregazione, come i generi musicali, o anche le mode e i luoghi dell'incontro. Il primo e vero divertimento degli adolescenti e sentirsi bene come persona in mezzo a chi lo riconosce come persone (libere, autonome, singole, originali)

What is the ACT A Complete Explanation of the Test

What is the ACT A Complete Explanation of the Test SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’ve found this article, you’ve probably vaguely heard of the ACT (and if you hadn’t before, well, you have now!). Maybe you have some idea that it has something to do with college, but you’re still pretty confused about what exactly it is. I’m here to help! The ACT, like the SAT, is a standardized test used for college admissions. If you’re planning to apply to college in the US you’ll almost certainly have to take one of these tests (and you may need to even if you’re planning on going to school elsewhere). This post will take you through everything need to know about the ACT- from why students take it to what it covers to when you should plan to take it yourself. Why Do People Take the ACT? The ACT is a standardized test designed to show colleges how prepared you are for higher education by measuring your reading comprehension, knowledge of writing conventions, and computational skills and then comparing youwith the rest of the high schoolers who take it. It essentially serves as a nation-wide college admission test (though it's far from the only factor schools consider). Most four-year schools require applicants to submit either ACT or SAT scores (they don't distinguish between the two), which can then make up as much as 50% of the admission decision. A strong standardized test score is a key part of your application. There are also a lot of students who are required to take the ACT by their high school. A number ofstates use the ACT as a state-wide assessment test, so every junior at a public school takes the ACT. Which Schools Accept the ACT? There's a common misconception that some colleges only accept SAT scores and won't take ACT scores. This is not the case: all four-year colleges and universities in the US accept ACT scores, and the schoolsdon't distinguish between the two tests. You can takewhichever you prefer. However, there are a few schools, including George Washington University, Hampshire College, and California State University, that either don't require ACT or SAT scores or have flexible policies on standardized tests. If you're an international student looking to attend a U.S. school, you will need to take either the ACT or the SAT. If you're an American student planning to apply to international schools, you will probably still need to take one of these standardized tests, but it will depend on the school you're applying to and which country it's in. Two-year colleges and trade schools generally don't require applicants to take the ACT but will sometimes accept it in lieu of a placement test. MIT, one of the many colleges that requires an ACT score. What Does the ACT Cover? The ACT consists of four sections- English, Math, Reading, and Science- plus an optional writing test.With the exception of the writing section, the test is entirely multiple choice: the math questionshavefive answer choices and the others all have four. The chart quantifiesthe basic structure of the test (the sections are in the same order they appear on the test).For more details on what's actually on the ACT, you can follow the links to full breakdowns of each section. Section Questions Time English 75 questions 45 min Math 60 questions 60 min Reading 40 questions 35 min Science 40 questions 35 min Writing 1 prompt 40 min How Is the ACT Scored? ACT scores can feel arbitrary, so let's break down where that mysterious number between 1 and 36 actually comes from. For each section of the ACT, you'll get a raw score, which is the number of questions you get right. That is then converted into a scaled score between 1 and 36. The composite score is simply the average of your four section scores (the writing is left out because it's optional). In the US, the average score hovers around a 21, although there's some variance from year to year. Though it's easy to fixate on trying to get as high a score as possible, most student don't need a 36. Instead, you should determine what a good score is for the schools (and scholarships) you're planning to apply to. When Should You Take the ACT? When you take the ACT will depend on what kind of score you're looking for, when your application deadlines are, and whether you live in one of the states that require it. Generally speaking, however, the ideal time to take the ACT for the first time is thewinter of your junior year- when you’ve covered most of the material in school but still have time to take it again ifyou want to. We're just getting started! Time to make a plan. Everything You Need to Plan for the ACT Having read this post, you hopefully feel a bit more clear about what the ACT is. But the tricky part is still to come: preparing for the test. I've compiled a list of the key questions you should ask yourself as you begin to plan for college applications. Should I take the ACT or SAT? This question concerns a lot of students, but it's not as important as it seems, since most students don't see that much of a difference between their scores on the two tests. The New SATis especially similar to the ACT. If you'renot sure which test to take, you can use our fool-proof method to determine which test is better for you or try our quiz fordeciding between the new SAT vs. the ACT. Also keep in mind that if you'll be taking the ACT in school anyways, it will be simplerto stick with that test, since you may have some prep lessons in class and it will save you money on registration. What ACT score do I need to get into college? Your score goal will depend on which schools you want to apply to. Use this form to calculate your ideal ACT score. What's the best way for me to prepare for the ACT? As you prepare for the ACT, you'll need to decide whether you want to hire a tutor or study on your own. You may also want to consider an online program like PrepScholar! If you decide to study on your own, make sure you get the best book for your needs. Whatdo I need to know to prepare for the ACT? There are three key pieces to preparing for the ACT: understanding how the test works, reviewing the material, and practicing. To get a sense of how to think effectively about the ACT, download our guide to the 5 strategies that you must use. For specifics on content and question types, try our complete guides to each section of the test: English, math, reading, and science. You can find the best ACT practice tests here and an in depth guide on how to use them here. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Organizational behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Organizational behaviour - Assignment Example It is a progression of sorts that keeps on happening. At Sony, this has meant that the company has understood its objectives and gone ahead with accepting them through the corridor of time and availability of resources at its end. Over the years, Sony has faced monumental losses in terms of finances and increasing competition from some of the bigger players in the technological business. Sony’s problems were broad and deep, which asked for a better understanding in terms of the change process which had to be brought in. The change that has essentially come in has accounted for a thinking amendment in terms of realizing that Sony existed as a powerhouse which is not the case anymore. Samsung and Apple – the two rivals of repute have usurped its market share which is simply an unacceptable awakening for Sony. The change process has therefore been negative for Sony more than anything else (Covin, 1999). What is needed now is a change that shall set things right, and that t oo within quantifiable proportions. Also the restructuring done within Sony amounted to heavy losses, which was another exercise in futility for the company. The profits which had poured in the recent years were not coming up like historical trends and the losses were immense. This has meant that Sony needs to change its course of action and that too within acceptable proportions. The determination to make change a success was destined for Sony, especially after Stringer wanted it to be implemented across the board. For this, he devised the policy of a central decision making authority for some of the key areas under Sony. Sony’s Electronics division was earmarked for this and Stringer decided to go ahead with it. He also played his role well within the development of the corporate culture which was deemed as an important entity (Heath, 1994). This was a change of sorts for the organization since the corporate culture decides the relevant course of action and highlights where the business can exceed the expectations that the stakeholders have of it. Since its products were top of the line and had made a name for their own selves over the years, it was only significant that Sony developed a corporate culture which could resonate well with the products that were being manufactured under its aegis. One should believe that these small incremental changes as well as the huge amendments are for the betterment of Sony at large. If a third party is appointed to oversee the change process, it will be able to fathom the kind of success that change shall eventually be able to bring in. The different types of change that Sony is planning for now are indeed focused on the right track and there is an effort to set things right. Also the incorporation of Stringer within the change methodologies is one that banks on trust and a will to do something inherently right. After evaluation of changes at Sony is done, one finds that these changes bank on the experience of Stri nger and how he wishes to take the company forward (Senior, 2006). Also his expectations from the people who matter the most within the organization is straightforward and depends on whether or not they would be able to manifest their truest selves when the need so arises. Fortunately, the need arises on a consistent basis which keeps everyone in the loop as far as change management and deployment avenues are concerned. One must not forget

Assigment 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assigment 3 - Assignment Example They both got up from a sitting position whenever they felt like it. The children also displayed fine motor skills by playing with the props and toys; they would use the toy as a tool to smack the other toy. The toddlers also showed interest in the strange sounds they heard. If someone with a slightly strange voice spoke they paused for a second to recognize the source. One of the toddlers did show slight imbalance while walking, but the caretaker said that it was normal. Every child wobbles once in a while. The children showed cognitive development when they were playing with the toys. They also understood what the caregiver wanted them to do. The speaker would show them the toy whenever they seem to cry. They would immediately get interested in the toy or a game the speaker would play with them. Both the toddlers showed attention skills. Whenever the speaker would talk to them, they would listen and respond/react. The toddlers seemed interested in toys and props and engaged with the setup persistently until they started feeling lonely and wanted to go back to the caregiver. The children showed signs of their awareness about shapes and sizes. One baby tried to fit the small toy in the larger one, but the shapes were too different from each other, so they didn’t fit. But the child showed that he knew that smaller would go inside the bigger. The children also demonstrated curiosity and the ability to initiate. Any new toy would interest them. They would leave the old toys and would go discover a new one. It is difficult to write a comprehensive report about the cognitive development of the toddlers from a brief observation. However, during this short demonstration, they showed excellent eye-hand coordination, physical activity, sense of size and shape (with the toys), and chasing each other. Both the toddlers showed emotional connection with the speaker. They responded and obeyed many times during the demonstration. They would cower when a

Case study of Upton Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study of Upton Ltd - Essay Example This is a situation where the interests of the family members are more likely to conflict with the interests of the business such as adherence to the objectives, plans and goals of the company. In this regard, it can be predicted that if there is significant conflict of interest within the company a programmed decision of closure of the restaurant or part of its business units can be made. Samantha who is the manager of the toy department is engaged with her studies which mean that she does not have adequate time to play her role within the Toy department which serves significant activities and processes within the restaurant. This means that the productivity of the Toy department will deteriorate as a result of poor management or absentee manager. This can be used to predict the closure of this department within a programmed decision framework. Furthermore disagreement between Samantha and Albert, her uncle, reveals that there is poor communication within the management team which i s as a result of age differences and opinion of managers on the best strategy of conducting business activities. It is argued that when the management team is unable to come into a consensus over decisions because of divergent views and interests, failure in effective decision making is likely to result (Simons 34). Therefore failure in decision making which represents an important function of the management team leads to programmed decision for closure of the restaurant. From the Upton Ltd case, it is notable that the promotion of employees to the top management positions is rarely based on qualifications. This is illustrated by the fact that Claude who was a chef was promoted directly into the manager position in the restaurant. The management team of a company must be equipped with adequate skills, knowledge and competencies which are required for effective management. Failure of a manager to exhibit these skills means that his or her managerial roles will not be effective and as a result translating into business failure (Gorry and Morton 27). In this regard therefore the lack of qualifications among some managers within Upton Ltd can be argued to be a reflection of a predictable business failure and as a result reaching a programmed decision for the closure of the restaurant. Lack of the stock control system within Upton Ltd demonstrates a looming failure in the business processes of the restaurant which can be used to make a programmed decision for closure is nothing is done soon to solve the problem. This problem within the restaurant is further revealed by the fact that storage of stock is largely inadequate and ineffective. In addition, it is notable from the case study that the equipment that is used within the restaurant is old and rarely maintained. Inappropriate equipment within a business entity is said to be the main cause of business process inefficiency which would lead to possible discontinuity of business processes (Gorry and Morton 31). It is therefore reflective from the case study that the restaurant faces a risk of losing business continuity which makes a programmed decision for closure a reality in the Upton Ltd case. Customer service is inefficient within the restaurant as reflected by the fact th

The Serious Problems Of Climate Change Politics Essay

The Serious Problems Of Climate Change Politics Essay Like everyone know climate change is a very serious problem for all the countries; but how much does it effects on Cambodia as a small and poor country? And how can this country solve the problem? To deeply understand why it is, lets briefly look at the overview of the climate change, why it is a big problem, the response that Cambodia have made, and finally we will examine on those initials whether they effective or not. Firstly, it is important to look at the causes and effect of climate change. Climate change or generally known as global warming is a major issue facing by the globe, and has been addressed since the mid-20th century. In order to go into detail, firstly we should know what global warming first is. Global warming is a change in the statically weather over period of time that range from decades to millions of years. The word global warming and climate change have a little bit difference. In a modern term especially in a context of environmental policy, climate change usually refers to the changes in modern climate qualified by anthropogenic (human activities) generally known as global warming or anthropogenic global warming (AGW); whereas, climate change is a consequence resulting from global warming. In other word, climate change is a result from global warming. According to the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC), the global surface t emperature has increased 0.74 degree Celsius to 0.18 degree Celsius during the 20th century, and this prediction will increase by 1.4 to 5.8 degree Celsius by the end of the 21st century. This increasing is caused by many factors but mainly from the human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and land conversion for farming, and its effects on both animals and human health. The global warming causes a serious impact on Cambodia. Naturally, the climate in Cambodia is tropical monsoon characterized by wet and dry, and there are two seasons in a country: rainy season happens from November through May, and dry season happens from June through October. There is usually rain in rainy season, but some months the amount of rainfall is much; some other months in rainy season is less, and there is usually much rainfall in low land areas. In addition, the rainfall is not regularly scheduled according the seasons. Sometimes there is rain even in the dry season. This is the result of human activities affecting to the climate. They rely heavily on the natural resources especially logging wood which release CO2 into atmosphere. Explicitly, the emission of such gases from deforestation is immense. Annual rainfall would increase, as a prediction, between 3 and 35% from current condition. The flood is consequence of this uncertain weather. Some provinces have already suf fered from flood such as Prey Veng which is the most vulnerable one, Takeo, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Banteay Meanchey, and Kampong Thom. Moreover, it also destroys the crops, and infrastructure, and especially the human lives. As indicated in research, Cambodia was most attacked by flood was in 2000 that effected 3,448,629 of people, damaged 317, 975 houses and destroyed 7,068 houses and 347 deaths. Meanwhile, not only the rainy season the people suffer from but also the dry season which results in drought. The annual temperature is naturally between 22oC to 28oC the maximum. However, the rate is expected to increase from 0.7oC to 2.7oC until 2061. As a result some provinces are highly effected by drought such as : Battambang, Prey Veng, Banteay Meanchey, Kampong Cham, Kampong Speu. Beside flood and drought, the storm also happens but not frequently in Cambodia such as Typhoon. However, once it happened like in 2001, it destroyed 734 houses, 6 schools, two temples, and 1 death, 11 injured. Regarding to this concern, Cambodia has taken several actions so far in the response to those disaster by joining cooperation both nationally and internationally. At the international level, Cambodia has ratified the United Nation Framework on Climate Change on 18 December, 1995 and entered into force on 17 March 1996. Moreover, Cambodia also acceded the Kyoto report on 2 July, 2002, and the Initial National Communication was submitted to the UNFCCC on 8 October 2002. The framework focused mainly on reducing the greenhouse gases emission from deforestation and from factories pollution, in which Cambodia contributes less than other countries. To make this work more effectively, Cambodia approved for the National Adaptation Program of Action on Climate Change (NAPA) in October 2006 with the four main sectors that have to focus on in NAPA such as agriculture, water resources, coastal zone, and human health. To implement these policies, Ministry of Environment is a focal point for NAPA. In addition, National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) was created on 24 April, 2006 under the sub-degree to coordinate, monitor, and implement the policies related to the UNFCCC. Beside these, Cambodian government also created the Cambodian Climate Change Office (CCCO) under the ministry of environment on 23 July 2003 as an institutional body to work closely with the relevant organizations working on the climate change issue in term of GHG emission. At the local level, on the other hand, the government has also tried hard to initiate some programs such as training and development the awareness of climate change at the local villages, the plantation program in the climate change prone provinces such as Prey Veng, and Battambang, and a technique of using the animal mature as a stove gas instead of wood fuel. Also, the government funded by the donors tried to construct the infrastructure bridges, and roads damaged by the flood as a part of preventing further damages. Treatment and education about the health care are essential. Moreover, the National Committee for Disaster Risk Management was created in 1995 to provide the relief and preventive measure from losing lives and properties in the disaster in the district level. However, because of lack of finance support and technical assistance makes the plan difficult to be achieved Four, meanwhile Cambodia is a poor country; therefore, we cannot implement or initiate any policy by its own for several reasons. First, it is the challenge from the gap of people in Cambodia. Well, it is hard have jobs worked smoothly because people still have low level of education; thus, they seem not to understand and see the results of the climate change. In addition, the most people that suffer most are those who live in rural areas rather that in the city, yet those people in city are hard to understand about the effects very clearly. Second, as a poor country we dont have enough financial resources on combating on the various projects; we depend almost on the international assistances. Therefore, it is hard for Cambodian government to initiate any project on combating the issue as we have to convince the international donors to agree on our project before they provide fund. Third is that we still lack of human resources and experts to run the project smoothly; this is mainly because very few people are interested in learning about the climate change. Finally, by looking at these obstacles Cambodia faces, especially the fourth one, it is believed that it is impossible for Cambodia to combat the climate change issue alone; there must be some contribution from outside because the problems are also too large for Cambodia to solve by itself. Furthermore, it is even more impossible because the international approaches also fail to regulate and enforce the policies on reducing the climate change issues, especially the failure of Kyoto Protocol, so is Cambodia. I will elaborate about its failures to link with Cambodia. First reason that it failed is that it failed to enough the US as the member. The United States has never ratified any policy the Kyoto Protocol set for the reason that those policies are seriously harm the United States economy. Based on this reason, the Kyoto Protocol lacked of the effective leadership and the large amount of financial support especially from the United States, that is one of the big problems for Kyoto P rotocol. Even, in addition, the already members of the Protocol, Protocol itself cannot be assure that its members implement the policies set effectively. Like the Canada, it promised to reduce the emission 6 percent below the 1990 level until 2008 and 2012; however, it increased above 30 percent higher that than the target. Moreover, the Kyoto Protocol also failed to get its parties to take the substantial actions. The Canada, for instance, did not implement what the Kyoto required because all of those actions required Canada to reduce its emission much more than the other countries; the problem is also similar to the New Zealand, and Japan. So, the fact that the internally approaches taken to imitate the problem of climate change is such failed like that especially the big one, the Kyoto Protocol, how Cambodia, a small and poor country, can tackle the problem if it depend mainly the international aids? Well, it is really impossible then. In conclusion, the climate change issue is not the alone single countrys responsibility but the whole world because it effects all, and a country like Cambodia would be the most affected one for the reason that it is poor, lack of expertise to initiate technical mechanisms, and especially the financial supports, yet it is the less polluting country for it is a developing country. Even although being the most affected one, Cambodia still tries to solve the problems by national and internationally even sometimes it failed. Through the new mechanism and its efforts to tackle the problems, the problem of climate change can be reduced substantially, and it is unpredictable that it would be completely solve this problem in the future.

Lord Of The Flies Story :: essays research papers

The war was over, but not without casualties. Numerous ships, planes and factories had been bombed with regular bombs, and London was totally destroyed - by a single atomic bomb. Only derelicts lived there now, not knowing of the harmful radiation that surrounded what once was the great capital.Slowly though, things were getting back to normal, shops began opening, and the war started to shift to the back of people's minds. Life was becoming more normal, but the memory of the war was still there, and always would be. Unfortunately, my memories of our time on the island would never shift to the back of my mind - I would never forget what the war meant to me. I might not have been killed, though I wish I had been, I might not have lost my home or seen London go up a huge mushroom cloud of bright red light, but I had lived with people that hardly deserve that title, people that became animals, people that were worse than animals - murderers. And I myself, was one of them.I was slowly getting better, but I never got through a night without hearing the chant and Simon's furtive screams as we jabbed, attacked and mauled him, without seeing Piggy's fat body flying into the air and then crashing down on the rocks. I had never recovered from those experiences and at no time had a job. I live in a small, damp apartment above a coin laundry. The greatest pleasure I had in life was feeding the pigeons in the park. I would get what stale bread I could from the bakery to feed the birds. They would rush at me when they saw me and fight for the small scraps of bread before it had even hit the ground. They were animals, but not like Jack and the others, they were kind animals, they never hurt anyone - they went about their lives regardless of us. Many times I wished that I too could be a pigeon. I wanted to lead the simple life that they did, I wanted to forget what had happened, I wanted to escape the plaguing memories.It was Tuesday morning and I was feeding pigeons in the park. They were fighting for the pathetic scraps of stale bread I threw on the ground as usual, looking at me begging me with their eyes for more.

Reflective Statement Essay

For this module, we are required to do an assignment with regards of SME company. The purpose of writing the report is to analyze the key internal issues the management is likely to face when strategizing their marketing formula. Besides, we are also required to provide a practical recommendation for the company. For this project, the class was divided into 3 groups and each group consists of 3 members. My group members are Miss Tai Geok Yeong and Miss Sharanya. Discussions among group members were held 4 times, on the 29th October, 2nd November, 4th November and 6th November, respectively. Besides of our normal eeting in college, the discussions also were held through the MSN chat and email. Each of our group members was allocated with task and although conflicts arise during the discussion, we still managed to solve the problem. In my opinion, conflict in a group is not necessarily bad and we use several of techniques in order to resolve conflicts like compromising and exercises work delegation. Throughout completing the task – CareKoolTint Sdn Bhd, I have gained lots of new information about SME and the company. In order to get more facts about the company, we held an interview with one of their sales representatives on 2nd November 2009. From the 1 hour interview, we managed to gather the information needed for this project, which for example are, their current marketing strategies and the company’s internal issues. One important lesson I learnt from the interview is that, even though small firms is not properly structured, it does not mean that SMEs do not engage in marketing. It is only that, they are doing marketing according to their own terms and not according to a theoretical framework. Other than interviewing the sales representatives, my group and I also did a research based from their websites and also by reading books. It is important so that e will have a broader view on the business environment and help us to write the task more accurately. In order to complete the task, I read Marketing and Entrepreneurship in SMEs, Principles of Marketing by Philip Kotler and Fundamentals of Management to have a better understanding about SME and its management as well as several websites related to the topic which for example SME Info Portal. This whole process, I believe has improved both my knowledge and skills. I learnt how to work with others as a team, it taught me how to compromise as I need to be open in accepting other people ideas or opinion and also in handling conflicts. In addition to that, basically, I am more knowledgeable on this topic. From the research, I discovered various type of SME in Malaysia which can classified under 3 category that are Primary Agriculture, Manufacturing (including Agro-Based) ; MRS, Services Sector (including ‘CT) . Furthermore, I am also more aware on characteristics needed to be an entrepreneur, and one essential trait they must have is to be a risk taker. This is important as SME business environment is very uncertain and whenever they make a wrong decision, it may affect their business as a whole.

Proctor Gamble Company

Proctor Gamble Company Scope of the Report. This report is designed to address the economic, political, social and environmental opportunities and risks facing Proctor and Gamble Company in the next ten years.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Proctor Gamble Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Executive Summary. Several decades ago, organizations have been exposed to limited regulations and existed in less competitive environments. As a result, several companies may not have observed the utmost care in the provision of goods and services to their customers. In the recent world, however, more regulations have been imposed and competition has stiffened due to increasing business competitors. As a result, there has been improvement in the quality of goods and services, as well as, adherence to environmental sustainability. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the economic, political, social and environmental opportunities and risks facing Proctor and Gamble Company in the next ten years. In the first section, the overview of the company and stakeholder analysis is given. In the second section, the current issues facing the company are analyzed in detail. Lastly, the issues that the company would face ten years to come are explained in detail and a conclusion given. Overview of the Company. Proctor and Gamble Company is a multinational company that ranks highly among the fortune 500 companies (McGowan 24). The company deals in the manufacture and production of several household products that are affordable. In 1837, William Proctor and James Gamble dealers in candle production and soap making respectively, met and started the company (Funding Universe 7). Several years later, the two business partners successfully started their first laboratory within the United States of America (Funding Universe 7). Roughly 58 years later, in 1930, the company acquired a British soap manufacture and went on to estab lish a new manufacturing plant in the Philippines. Currently, the company is a market leader and sells over 300 products in several countries on the globe. â€Å"Some of these valuable products that the company boasts of include Pampers, Ariel, Tide, Gillette, Oral-B, Max Factor, and Mr. Clean† (Funding Universe 7). Proctor Gamble conducts intensive research and marketing all over the world, reaching in excess of 160 countries, and owns 115 factories in over 80 countries (McGowan 24). As mentioned earlier, the company was founded and is headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, in the United States of America. In all the worldwide plants, Proctor and Gamble possesses average of 138,000 employees and still growing. Besides the company’s capitalization in products, other fields such as the organization of radio and television shows have been exploited. Some of the aired shows include Down to Earth and Shirley Jones which have also played a significant role in marketing the com pany as a whole.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Proctor and Gamble’s products are classified into five segments according to the functions of the products. â€Å"These five segments include fabric and home care, beauty care, baby and family care, health care, and snacks and beverages, which, allow for the easier application of various marketing techniques and strategies† (Funding Universe 7). The profitability of the company is attained through marketing all segments especially fabric and home, and beauty care that form the largest and second largest segments in terms of revenue. However, as the world population increases and intermingle, people’s needs, tastes and preferences, and loyalty tend to change with time. As such, existing and new entrants in the industry have kept increasing the competition forcing Proctor and Gamble to take approp riate measures to maintain a competitive edge in capital market zones. For instance, implementation of the ‘Organization 2005’ is one key strategy that is used to increase its global market share of the company. As such, this paper aims at giving the current political, economic, social, and environmental issues affecting the organization of Proctor and Gamble. Furthermore, the paper will address the political, social, economical, and environmental issues that will most likely affect the company 10 years from now, as well as, give the associated risks and opportunities. Key Stakeholders Proctor and Gamble has several partners who own key shares in the company according to the company rules of ownership. However, there is no significant evidence of the actual percentage of ownership in the company. Current Issues Economic Issues Since the 2007-2008 global recessions, the Gross Domestic Product of several nations both in the developed and developing countries, including th e United States, have gradually decreased. For instance, the GDP in the United States experienced a reduction at an alarming rate of over 6 percent in the year 2008, and more people lost their jobs as a consequence. The GDP is the total value of all the goods and services produced by an economy in an annual basis and indicate the overall performance of the economy. Therefore, when the GDP of a country drops, fewer goods and services are produced; hence, people stay out of employment because organizations will try to reduce the workers (Isidore 1). Since the global recession, this has been the situation on the ground resulting in the weakening of consumer purchasing power. As a result, organizations will experience less profit due to reduction in the volume of sales (Isidore 1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Proctor Gamble Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Ben Bernanke, the Federal Reserve Cha irman, the situation would continue to exist until an improvement in its exporting destinations in several other parts of the world occurs. Further, he asserts that the rate at which the United States Economy recovers is dependent on the economy abroad because the country expects to rejuvenate through export revenues. Proctor and Gamble Company serve a vast market both in the United States and abroad, selling in excess of 300 products to more than 80 nations of the world (McGowan 24). As such, the economic hardships of such economies have negatively affected the operation and general profitability of the company. This is because the global economy plays a key role in ensuring that the company’s products move smoothly in all the target markets (Wohi 1). Despite the slight improvement in the economies during the recent years, the cost of oil has continued to shoot up leading to a second phase of inflation. This again, impacts the ability of potential Proctor and Gamble customer s to purchase their products; hence, reduced profitability has continued to exist. Furthermore, Proctor and Gamble imports most of its raw materials from other countries and in the recent years, this has hugely impacted the performance of the company. For instance, commodity prices have drastically surged by more than 50 percent since 2002. As a result, close to half of Proctor and Gamble product costs are directly related to the cost of raw materials. In order to remain in business and make reasonable profits, the company resorted to increase the prices of several brands. However, being a market leader, Proctor and Gamble enjoys the economies of scale and can effectively moderate inflation of raw materials as compared to competitors (Shailaja, 2). The raw materials adversely affected by the inflation include coffee pries, growing paper pulp prices, fuel prices, and natural gas prices among several others that are not mentioned. As a consequence, the associated product prices such a s coffee brands, fabric, and diaper goods have experienced fluctuations in expenses, as well as, generated reasonable profits for the company (Wohi 1). Despite the economic hardships being experienced in several nations, Proctor and Gamble has set up strategies that ensure success in its operations (Shailaja, 2).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Political Issues The current economic situation in the United States and the other leading economies trigger various government reactions (Shah 5). As such, several governments including the United States Government has imposed some regulations in order to allow the smooth recovery of the economy. Apart from leading economies such as the United States’ economy, Japan’s economy, Britain’s economy, Spain’s economy and the economy of Singapore, other emerging economies of the world such as China have continuously been exposed to the effects of the global economy deterioration. With the United States economy being affected, China also experiences the economic strain as their exports to the United States significantly reduce. This scenario calls for political intervention by concerned governments in order to drive their economies towards the right direction. For instance, the gradual economic deterioration, inflation and unemployment put pressure on Ben Bernan ke to speed up the interest rate cuts in the United States in order to reduce the benchmark rate 0.75 percent down. This move was quickly adopted by central bankers in several other nations such as Japan and the UK region in order to allow their economies to thrive in the current economic difficulties. According to the IMF, the economy of the United States accounts for approximately 21 percent of the global economy; therefore, the deterioration of the economy put significant trickling effect to several other economies of the world. The reduction in the spending ability of American consumers has necessitated organizations to limit their importation budgets in order to avoid incurring losses. According to relevant sources the uncertainty of the United States stock prices has also negatively impacted other markets in several countries (Isidore 1). Apart from economy deterioration and inflation effects, there are other government regulations and policies that have significantly influenc ed the operation of leading organizations such as Proctor and Gamble Company. In recent occurrences, different consumer protection bodies have raised concerns over the dangerous chemical compositions of certain cosmetic goods. Additionally, researches conducted on the chemical compositions of cosmetic goods have indicated that 0.33 of these goods have carcinogens. In connection to that, the United States Food and Drug Administration imposed strict quality adherence rules that all cosmetics manufacturers must follow. These quality adherence regulations were imposed to ensure that consumers are protected against harmful products. These recent governing rules on product quality adherence impose significant delays in product launches within companies. Furthermore, the regulations lead to higher costs of finished goods due to a high cost in the product development process. As such, companies will have to ensure they meet such regulations; otherwise, they stand a risk of getting enormous fines or being banned from operation. In Europe, for example, the European Chemicals Agency was created in order to provide regulation on the quality of finished goods within the entire European markets. In order to comply with the strict rules and regulations, companies have to incur more costs. As a result, there is the creation of new barriers of entry that leads to a steady rise in fake household goods that put the general consumer population to new health risks. Proctor and Gamble, however, has set up new strategies to ensure the cases of counterfeits in its products are minimized so as to avoid revenue reduction and weakening of its brand image. Another political issue that has influenced the running of Proctor and Gamble is the change in the rules that govern the disposal of solid wastes. In order for the company to adhere to the strict rules, it changed to manufacturing some of its products such as diapers with biodegradable materials rather than PVC plastics. As a result, t he creation of recyclable diapers has been remarkably successful and enabled the company to realize substantial profits. Social Issues From the onset of the 21st century, key demographic changes took place in the American society and the world as a whole. As such, more and more women started going to work, and even some of them became the sole bread winners among their families. As years went by, families became more stable than in the earlier years; hence, the purchasing power of consumers significantly improved (Shah 5). Furthermore, mothers could take care of even larger families without straining their budgets as hard as it used to be several years back. On the other hand, companies such as Proctor and Gamble immediately identified the potential that existed in these consumers and took a positive step to market itself. The company identified women as their target group for household, beauty and other personal products; therefore, advertised directly to them. By using this techni que, Proctor and Gamble successfully entered the market and controlled a bigger market share than other competitors. Procter and Gamble went ahead to use women as decision influencers in the remaining product categories like food and beverage, and detergents. Additionally, Proctor and Gamble effectively applied the use of media such as radio and television shows as a way of promoting its brand name and products to the entire consumer population. This process involved the selection of proper media and programs in order to get sufficient conversions from the targeted consumers. Some of the aired shows that have played a significant role in marketing the company products include Down to Earth and Shirley Jones. In comparison to other competing organizations, Proctor and Gamble has consistently enjoyed the benefits of its innovations in most of the markets, both in the United States and abroad. Despite the various benefits that Proctor and Gamble has gained, there are cases where they h ave underperformed. From a general perspective, social concerns, lifestyle, and attitude play a crucial role in determining the success, failure or reputation of any organization that deliver goods and services. Over the recent years, for example, Proctor and Gamble experienced several boycotts that are linked to the exploitation of animals by the company. According to relevant sources, the company uses animals to conduct tests for products in order to ensure they are safe for use by their consumers. As established by animal rights organizations, the company and its leadership have engaged in unworthy practices that create an attitude that transfers fame and profits to the strong at the expense of the environment, people and animals. This scenario led to widespread trust issues about the company’s ethical standing, and the management had to step in to save the situation. â€Å"During the 5th World Congress on Alternative and Animal Use in Life Sciences (2005), the company ac cepted that it engages in animal testing as the last option in order to ensure products are fit for use by consumers† (Federal Institute of Risk Assessment 3). However, the company management insisted that they are making plans to remove the use of animals in conducting their product research (Federal Institute of Risk Assessment 3). As a resolution, the company stated that it has commits itself to employing other means of conducting product research within the company. This is depicted in its collaboration with government bodies and academia to promote the acceptance of alternative means for product research and testing in the company. Environmental Issues In all countries, there are several environmental concerns that are addressed for a peaceful coexistence between man and the environment to be realized. These environmental issues are addressed through the creation of environmental laws that control the activities undertaken (Shah 5). In most scenarios, these laws significa ntly influence the operation of key organizations both positively and negatively. In the United States, for example, there are several environmental laws which have been drafted to ensure the environment is kept clean and conducive for habitation now and for future generations. For example, the passing of the Solid Waste Act (1976) was intended at eliminating the causes of environmental dereliction that worsened due to increased population growth. Several companies had to respond to this environmental law or risk being penalized. Furthermore, the damage caused by disposal of diapers was counteracted by strictly following the established environmental laws. The rise of recyclable diapers also had some implications on the manufacturers such as the strict regulations and changes in consumer preferences. Furthermore, operating companies like Proctor and Gamble had to deal with increased levels of consumer awareness concerns and resentment for buying disposable diapers. In response, Proc tor and Gamble came up with the idea of using pulp to manufacture diapers rather than using PVC plastics and claimed their diapers are recyclable (Sewell 2). Since the diapers were biodegradable they eliminated cases of health hazard arising from non-biodegradable PVC diapers; hence, resulted in a cleaner environment (Sewell 2). In more recent years, newer regulations have been created such as the need for the provision of high health standard products, energy saving options and control of exhaust gases into the atmosphere. As a result, several organizations have strived to meet these regulations and global objectives by carrying out the best associated activities. Proctor and Gamble engaged in the 2005 Clinton Global Initiatives that are intended at providing the world with the best services for better live (Stockhouse 1). As such, the company committed itself to offering clean drinking water to millions of children in developing countries such as in the sub-Saharan Africa and Asia . According to relevant sources, more than 13 million children in the United States have inadequate food supplies, but Proctor and Gamble strives in to offer the necessary support (Proctor Gamble, 22). Through the leadership of McDonald (CEO) several environmental objectives have been realized depicting his excellent leadership skills and ability to serve without bias (Shedlock 2). For instance, the company successfully lowered water usage by 7 percent, energy consumption by 6 percent and carbon dioxide emissions by 8 percent in the year 2008. According to relevant sources, these results are exceptional and can only be realized through complete sacrifice and the ultimate determination to succeed. Furthermore, Proctor and Gamble helped to supply and distribute 430 million liters of safe drinking water in several parts of the world in its initiative to reach needy children in 2008 (Stockhouse 1). As a result, the company has continued to show its commitment to reach, support and impr ove the lives of people in the global scenario (Shedlock 2). Such initiatives also uphold the ethical drive of the company and in the long run may help to strategize its marketing capabilities in new markets. Future Opportunities and Risks. In the next 10 years, Proctor and Gamble Company will continue to experience significant changes in the political, economical, social and environmental issues. These changes will force the company to respond by creating strategies in order to remain competitive within the market and retain its market leadership (Proctor Gamble, 20-52). In the following pages, the possible issues, opportunities and associated risks that may impact the company are discussed in detail. Economic Issues By assessing the current global development trend, there are significant indicators of an increased economic performance in several countries. For example, various developing countries have established global goals and strive to meet these goals in order to have a rat ing on the global scenario (Shah 5). As a result of these initiatives, there are increased chances of better performance in developing countries within the next years. In response to this effect, various multinational companies have already started establishing their roots in such countries so that they can enjoy the benefit of first investors. These potential future economies are referred to as emerging markets and have the capacity to change the rating of an organization. Proctor and Gamble, for that matter, has started laying strategies for opening and establishing its operations in emerging markets such as in countries like India and Malaysia (Proctor Gamble Company 5). As such, the company’s idea is to locate itself close to the future consumers, as well as, win a bigger share of the market. These plans became clear in 2008, when the company announced its intention of establishing 19 factories in developing countries that have experienced exponential growth in their GDP over the recent years. Such strategic moves give the company a better chance of utilizing the new economic opportunities before other competing companies enter the new markets. Other opportunities associated with establishing itself in new markets include the enjoyment of free markets with less competition and still offer the best products. Considering that 80 percent of the world’s population resides in the developing countries, the potential of Proctor and Gamble to remain a market leader for several years to come is undoubted. However, despite the fact that there are numerous opportunities in establishing the company’s future in emerging markets, there still exist risks that should be put into consideration. First of all, competing companies such as Unilever and Colgate-Palmolive have already established factories in some of these markets; hence, Proctor and Gamble is expected to receive some form of competition during the implementation process. Furthermore, the c ompetition to offer the best products at the most affordable costs will have a significant effect on the reduction of overall profit margins. Second of all, developing countries tend to have unstable economies and the markets would vary with little uncertainty. As such, Proctor and Gamble may be in a risk of losing potential income trying to maintain its operation in such markets. Social Issues. Demographic factors such as population play a key role in creating a stable market that multinational companies can thrive in well. In most developing countries, the population growth rate is high and more children are being born (Shah 5). As such, the continued population growth increases the size of the potential market in the target developing countries. Therefore, in the coming 10 years, Proctor and Gamble will explore this excellent opportunity in the developing markets. With continued population growth, the demand for household products will increase; hence, a significant increase in t he volume of sales will be realized by the company. In addition to that, the social services that the company has been offering in the developing countries such as provision of safe drinking water and food in sub-Saharan Africa will live a lasting impact on the people (Proctor Gamble Company 5). As a result, the company will be appreciated for its ethical moves and potential consumers will always value being associated with the company. Therefore, the company’s name and brand will ensure it thrives well against other competing organizations. Furthermore, developing countries have an increased awareness in the value of education and more children are being taken to school. In Africa, on the other hand, education barriers and bias against the female gender is slowly diminishing and more females are being taken to school. As such, the level of literacy in the developing countries is going to improve, and the society will appreciate several development issues. According to relev ant information, literacy tends to increase the value of an economy because more people get into employment and are able to become financially independent. Ten years from now, this will be the likely scenario in developing markets because more people will be financially worthy due to created employment opportunities. As such, Proctor and Gamble is bound to operate within profitable margins because the purchasing power of the local citizens will have improved. Despite the potential opportunities, Proctor and Gamble will still be exposed to various risks during the implementation process in the emerging markets (Monks, Minow 32). For instance, other societies have various preferences and attachments to products. This might be the scenario in Asian countries where social values and culture play a crucial role in the behavior and lifestyle of the people (Puckett, 6). As such, Proctor and Gamble may have a rough time convincing or even changing certain products to march their tastes and preferences (Puckett, 6). Furthermore, existing competitors in developing countries will trigger strong product wars because the existing organizations will have studied the market and the needs of consumers. As a result, Proctor and Gamble will need to be more innovative in order to realize substantial market capitalization. Political Issues. In developing countries, there are several political factors that determine the success or failure of an organization. As such, the factors can positively influence or hinder the progress of a company in the territories (Shah 5). Governments in the Far East, India, Malaysia and China have strict government regulations that operating companies have to follow. However, there are both opportunities and risks that are associated with these regulations. As a result of the global wave, however, most governments have removed some of the strict regulations in order to allow global operations and businesses to thrive well in their countries. With this trend spreading to various developing countries, Proctor and Gamble will have an opportunity to trade without strict restrictions that would prevent smooth operation of the company. Proctor and Gamble has already started making advances that would enable maximization of these opportunities. For example, the company has already declared its intention in setting up an oleochemichal plant in Indonesia in order to secure a stable future supply for its fatty alcohol requirements (Proctor Gamble, 20-52). According to relevant sources, Proctor and Gamble has secured $100 million for the future investment in the Indonesian soil. On the other hand, Proctor and Gamble will have to face various risks that are usually associated with developing countries. Political instability is a leading cause of instability in developing countries and may negatively impact the operation and profitability of an organization (Sullivan 43). Several developing countries experience political instability due to an unstable government, civil wars and corruption among government officials (Puckett, 6). Such occurrences may hinder businesses operations and cause damages, overheads and other management issues. As Proctor and Gamble plans to enter the markets, it should be ready to face such risks in the near future. Additionally, other countries impose unusually high tax policies that would impact the profitability of the operating companies. In most African countries, for example, government imposes heavy taxes on the working population and operating companies. As a result, both the purchasing power and the profits margin of the operating companies are negatively affected. In the long run, some companies may fail to break even in the planned duration or even shut down due to excessive operating costs. Therefore, Proctor and Gamble will be exposed to this risk of operation and should be prepared for the worst case. Environmental Issues. In the current world, environmental issues are a serious concern and in many countries, the global perspective is preferred. For instance, several projects are undertaken with regards to their sustainability and value to the environment. In line with the global sustainability requirements, several governments have established their environmental laws to cater for efficiency such as the reduction in energy consumption, water consumption and reduction in carbon dioxide emissions (Proctor Gamble, 17). As a global initiative, several countries are taking part in these movements. Therefore, the governing laws encourage people and organizations to help make the world a more habitable place now, and several decades to come (Shah 5). Through such activities, the people are informed and learn how to use and manage resources. In the long run, the people will lead healthy lives; hence, save on hospital bills, medications and other associated costs. All these occurrences will enable the population in developing countries to be more sustainable and a ble to support their families because of improved living standards. As a result, the resultant population will eventually increase their ability to spend on their own improvement. In that sense, Proctor and Gamble will explore this opportunity and operate sustainably in such countries. The best part is that Proctor and Gamble has already taken an initiative to uphold sustainability among several developing countries such as in India, Malaysia and sub-Saharan Africa (Monks, Minow 32). The company has successfully managed to deliver clean drinking water to needy children all over the world in an effort to improve their lives (Proctor Gamble Company 5). As such, it has made a strong impact that will last impact the society. In the future, unfortunately, some governments would impose strict rules that would negatively impact the operations and profitability of Proctor and Gamble in their countries (Sullivan 43). These rules may include heavy ban on certain raw materials such as wood i n order to prevent deforestation and the slow process of desertification. Since the company heavily uses pulp in the manufacture of products and packaging material, it may have to find alternatives at the expense of its profitability. Therefore, such imposed bans would result in high operation costs and subsequent reduction in the company’s profit margins. Other regions such the European Union have strict environmental laws that determine the quality of products and the acceptable chemical compositions (Sullivan 43). In cosmetics products, for instance, harmful chemical products may be controlled by such laws and enormous fines would be imposed if such chemicals are reported to exist at harmful concentration levels. Proctor and Gamble will also incur further expenses in efforts to respond to strict laws. Conclusions and Recommendations. Several decades ago, many organizations operated without much regulation that would impact the operation of such organizations in a great man ner. Companies were established, operated, and several sustainability factors were never given the utmost attention. As a result, there was inadequate consumer protection laws, environmental laws, as well as, risk assessment procedures. With increasing awareness on the impacts of such establishments, the society started planning ways of protecting the environment, people and animals through setting up the governing rules. These rules and regulations change as time goes to accommodate the factors handled at one moment in time. Therefore, organization has grown and adapted to match the requirements of the society and deliver the best on its part. Proctor and Gamble, for example, has existed for more than a century and has undergone a series of changes through several generations. At the moment, Proctor and Gamble is a multinational company with products in excess of 300 and operates globally in more than 80 countries. As highlighted in the document, the company is a market leader and takes a strong lead in innovations. For instance, relevant sources have indicated that, on a yearly basis, the company introduces one to two leading brands into the market. In approximately 10 years from now, the company is devising strategies of reaching emerging markets. In connection to that, the company will be exposed to several opportunities within the political, social, economical and environmental perspectives. However, the success of the company depends on its ability to innovate and set up strategies that will carry it forward through the markets (Monks, Minow 32). On the other hand, the company will still face risks that may result from operating within the markets. As mentioned in the paper, the risks are numerous, and the company will have to create ways of negotiating past the risks (Sewell 2). As a market leader, the company must have the tactics of operating in exceptional markets and still emerge victorious in the end. Proctor and Gamble is a market leader and a pa ce setter; hence, it is inevitable to mention that it leans more on the success side than the failure side. Finally, I would like to conclude that constant improvement in organizational skills, innovation skills and marketing skills is the key to a successful organization. Federal Institute of Risk Assessment. â€Å"5th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences.† Bfr.bund.de. Bfr.bund.de, 2005. Web. Funding Universe. â€Å"The Proctor Gamble Company.† Fundinguniverse.com.  Fundinguniverse.com, 2011. Web. Isidore, Chris. â€Å"Europe Recession Risk grows, with or without Debt Default.†Ã‚  Financeyahoo.com. Financeyahoo.com, 2011. Web. McGowan, Evan. â€Å"Corporate Profile: Procter and Gamble.† Academy of Management  Journal, 12 (8). Pp. 20-28, 2006 Print. Monks, Roy, Minow, Nina. Corporate Governance, Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. Proctor Gamble Company. â€Å"New Long-Term Vision†. PG.com. PG.com, 2011. Web. Proctor Ga mble. â€Å"2010 Annual Report: Touching and Improving Lives.†Ã‚  Annualreport.pg.com. Annualreport.pg.com, 2010. Web. Puckett, Kathleen. â€Å"Business Risks Faced by Proctor Gamble in South Korea.†Ã‚  Polaris.umuc.edu. Polaris.umuc.edu, 2001. Web. Sewell, Dan. â€Å"Proctor Gamble Moves Towards Renewable Energy and Recycled Packaging in New Environmental Goals.† Huffingtonpost.com. Huffingtonpost.com, 2010. Web. Shah, Anup. â€Å"Global Issues: Social, Political, Economic and Environmental Issues That Affect Us All.† Globalissues.org. Globalissues.org, 2010. Web. Shailaja, Sharma. â€Å"Proctor Gamble Gains at Cost of Profitability.† Dnaindia.com.  Dnaindia.com, 2011. Web. Shedlock, Mike. â€Å"Proctor and Gamble Hopes to Turn the Tide.† Globaleconomic  analysis.blogspot.com. Globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com, 2009. Web. Stockhouse. â€Å"Proctor Gamble Makes Commitment at Clinton Global Initiative to Provide 2million People wit h Clean Drinking Water in East Africa.† Stockhouse.com. Stockhouse.com, 2011. Web. Sullivan, Joe. Exploring international business environments. Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing, 1999. Wohi, Jessica. â€Å"Proctor Gamble Profit Tops Expectations.† Reuters.com.  Reuters.com, 2009. Web.

Dementia Essays

Dementia Essays Dementia Essay Dementia Essay There are many causes of dementia,including neurological disorders such as Alchemies s disease,blood flow-related (vascular) disorders such as multi- infarct disease,inherited disorders such as Huntington s disease and infections such as HIVE. The most common causes of dementia include: Degenerative neurological diseases such as Alchemies s,dementia with Lee dies,Parkinson s and Huntington s. Vascular disorders ,such as multiple- infarct dementia,which is causes by multiple strokes in the brain. Infections that affect the central nervous system,such as HIVE dementia complex and Credulity-Jacob disease. Chronic drug use. Depression. Certain types of hydrocephalus,an accumulation of fluid in the brain that car result from developmental or brain tumors. Alchemies ;s disease causes 50-70% of all dementia. However ,researchers are finding that some Of what was previously considered Alchemies s disease is really one of two other degenerative diseases: Eely body and Pick s ease-There also are a number of other important disorders that can lead to dementia-Some of these are potentially reversible,at least partially and should be considered before a diagnosis of Alchemies s disease is made. 2. Describe the likely signs and symptoms of the most common causes of dementia. The first signs of dementia are short-term memory loss. Symptoms of dementia are dependent upon the areas of brain are affected and the key symptoms are include: Loss of memory-Forgetting some recent incidents and inability to recall information, Disorientation-people forget their familiar surroundings neighborhood, wondering how they got there and do not know how to get back home. Communication- people suffering from dementia forget simple words and substitute some irrelevant words in their speech,this making it difficult to understand for the listener. Abstract thinking- people suffering from dementia have trouble carrying out simple calculations such as adding numbers and sometimes even forget the purpose of numbers and calculation. Poor or reduced judgment-people suffering with dementia have poor judgment and do not know how to react IR emergencies. Performance of familiar tasks- people face difficulty in reforming daily activities such as preparing a meal or coffee,operating an oven,making telephone calls Etc Mood or behavior changes- people suffering from dementia exhibit rapid changes in moods such as a happy / joyous mood to tears or anger for no apparent reason. Misplacing articles- people with dementia tend to misplace articles in unusual places,such as placing a wristwatch in a sugar bowl,etc. Loss of initiative- people become passive-watching TV for longer duration,sleeping for longer hours and not performing normal activities. Change in personality dramatic changes in irrationality of people suffering from dementia are also observed. 3. Tontine the risk factors for the most common causes of dementia. There are many risk factors of dementia,many of which are as a result of damage or changes in the brain: Certain disease such as Alchemies s ,Parkinson s,Eely body diseases. Certain diseases that affect the blood vessels due to stroke Which can cause multi-infarct dementia. Excessive consumption of alcohol and drugs. Deficiency in nutrition such as vitamin BIB and foliate deficiency. Infections such as AIDS,dementia complex and Credulity-Jacob disease . Accumulate f fluid (hydrocephalus) in the brain can lead to developmental abnormalities,injuries, and/or brain tumors. Head injuries- may be a single severe injury or several injuries as in the case of boxers, Illness of the kid or liver,lung infections. 4. Identify prevalence rates for different types of dementia. Prevalence rates of different types of dementia to include: prevalence increasing in 6 (20%) people over the age of 80 having a form of demented The prevalence rates in the UK (i. E. How frequent dementia occurs population)as per 2013 figures based on Alchemists Society research. 40-arrears-1 in 100 5-69 years- 1 in 100 70-79 years 1 in 25 80+ years 1 in 6 The number Of people with these differ ent types Of dementia can then be broken down into the following: Alchemists Disease 62%, Vascular dementia 17%, Dementia with I-eve. . Ray Bodies 4%, Front-temporal Dementia 2%. Statistics: 835,000 people with different types of dementia in 2014(Alchemies s society AAA)- England 700. 000 (84%), Scotland Wales 45,000 (5%), Northern Ireland 20,000 (2%). 40,000 younger people with dementia in 201 3; 25,000 people from black in 2013. Outcome 4 Understand factors relating to an individual s experience of . Describe how different individuals may experience living with dementia depending on age,type of dementia,and level of ability and disability. A diagnosis of dementia will have a big impact on your life. You and yours family may worry about how long you can care for yourself *specially if you live alone. People with dementia can remain independent for some time but will need support from family and friends. LIVING AT HOME in the wary stages of dementia ,many people with dementia are able to look after their homes in the same way as before their diagnosis. As the illness gets worse ,people with dementia find it difficult to look after their homes and will ones help with daily activities such as housework and shopping . They may also need adaptations to their home to keep themselves safe,mobile and independent. KEEPING ACTIVE- People with dementia should continue to enjoy their hobbies and interests. These activities are enjoyable and keep people alert and stimulated so they maintain an interest in life. Do not rule out an activity simply because you or your family member has dementia. Activities may change as the illness gets worse,but people with dementia can and should intention to enjoy their spare time.

Spiritual Beliefs as a Factor in the Performance of Nursing Staff Research Paper

Spiritual Beliefs as a Factor in the Performance of Nursing Staff - Research Paper Example These questions are significant to nursing practice; in order to meet the demands of the population and increase both patient chances of survival and patient satisfaction the role of spiritualism as a factor considered motivational has been studied to evaluate its efficiency. Following a literature review nursing practices have been identified which contribute to better patient outcomes and advanced education has been noted to increase the ability of the nurse to provide spiritual care. Those nurse’s with more experience and those working at a higher grade have a greater understanding of spirituality (Noble, & Jones, 2010). The value of communication with non-verbal cues is necessary and spiritual care must be guided by the patients themselves. Communication has been identified as a strong factor in the ability to deliver appropriate spiritual care in Milligan, 2004; McSherry, 2006; and Ross, 2006 by Noble and Jones. A lack of time is also considered a barrier to providing spi ritual care and the need for better education and training would be welcome by many. Spirituality among nurse’s is related positively to education levels and those having a Master’s degree. It is also related to 11-19 years clinical experience and having received spiritual education and training (Wu, & Lin, 2011). In Lind, Sendelbach, & Steen, (2011) nurses were described as feeling unprepared and unable to meet the spiritual needs of patients. Patient satisfaction surveys in a Minnesota cardiovascular progressive care unit determined that meeting the spiritual needs of patients in the unit was an area that needed improvement. The unit first analyzed the 2001 Joint Commission of 2001Press Ganey national inpatient data which indicated that there is a high value placed on emotional and spiritual care while patient’s are hospitalized. Second, there is a very strong correlation between meeting a patient’s emotional and spiritual needs to their overall satisfa ction and third, this is area in most hospitals that provides opportunity for a significant improvement. Spiritual distress has been named as an appropriate nursing diagnosis by The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association and it is a recommendation of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing that spiritual care is included in all education programs. Despite this fact education and training seems to be lacking to many nurses. Only a small number of nurses feel that they are able to meet the spiritual and emotional needs of patients. The unit began offering a two hour voluntary education program to the nurses with time paid and which 37 or 70% of the nurses attended over the period of a year. The instructor who taught the class was from a local faith affiliated University and the hospital Chaplain participated in each training class. This education program included concepts such as defining spirituality, what spiritual care is, what prevents spiritual care, when to call th e Chaplain and nursing interventions for spiritual care. Sessions were based on literature and staff surveys. The unit implemented a new survey, the HOPE survey, in order to provide spiritual assessment. The survey was taken from a teaching tool that was developed for Physicians. Likert type survey scores which measured patient satisfaction with spiritual and emotional care went up from 65% and 62% to 74% and 71% the two months following implementation of the training program. Pastoral care consultancies were increased from 16 to 27 per month and spiritual care plans were increased from 1 to 4 per month. The success of this program in the

A Campus wide Composting Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

A Campus wide Composting Proposal - Essay Example Therefore composting is a natural process used to recycle organic materials that have already decomposed. This process leads to an end product known as compost which is also referred to as rich soil or manure from an agricultural perspective. All living things end up decomposing upon death. This decomposing process or decay is vital as it ensures that all our organic wastes return their nutrients back to the soil and this ensures that life cycle continues. For the decomposition to occur anaerobic digestion should take place to accelerate the process. This is seen to overtake composting and it has been used in many countries where they have been down cycling waste organic matter. In composting there must be careful selection of the materials to be composted. The reason is because there are some materials which have shown high performance in composition than others. The materials can also be selected with consideration of the locality where one wants to set the compost. This process ha s been said to be very beneficial to the environment (Sanchez-Monedero, Roig, Paredes and Bernal, 301). There are some scientific and technological approaches which can be used to make the decomposition fast. This is however not encouraged because the whole process aims at using only what is natural and not man-made. In setting compost there is need to make the best preparations for the same so that the process does not work half way. There are different methods of decomposition but are broadly divided into three namely backyard composing, warm decomposing and grass cycling. The three are very different however they all use natural materials. Backyard decomposing involves the use of food scraps, grass clippings which are normally referred to as greens and also use of straws and fallen leaves referred to as browns which are mostly found in the backyard. This method involves the balance of the greens and the browns. To promote this process, some elements of nature need to be present. They include: air, moisture and temperature (Sabine, Konschinsky, Stefanie, Frank and Tebbe, 930). Worm compositing also known as vermin-composting is commonly used by individuals with a tiny backyard and where food scraps are in abundance. This process is mainly used by individuals living in apartments. Based on their natural habitats decaying leaving leaves, compost piles and piles of manure, the worms are domesticated to live in shallow bins in the compound and this diverts all food wastes from being dumped to the landfills and water treatment facilities. Grass cycling involves leaving of grass clippings that one does not intend to use. The grass clippings just left to decompose on the lawn. The basic rule in grass cycling is that the grass should not be cut to more than one third the blade of the grass at any given time. Proper mowing should be maintained and one should always ensure that the mower blades are sharp and that the grass is dry. Watering the lawns early in the morni ng and applying fertilizer is essential. The main aim of compositing is to supply additives to the soil through supplying of humus and nutrients. It provides the best environmental conditions which will make the plants to healthy and also to grow fast (Marek, Michael, Kathleen, and Zaremba, 810). (ii) Problem definition There are a number of food waste management and are based on the various ways of reducing food waste. The first and important method to avoid food waste is first by making a list of what you intent to prepare. This involves designing a menu that helps to plan the meal one intents to prepare for a given timeframe for instance a week. This is best achieved by cross checking what you intend to purchase â€Å"